新东方酷学酷玩夏令营介绍在英语学习中直接引语变间接引语法则。

     新东方酷学酷玩夏令营介绍，引用别人的话有两种方式，一种是直接引语（讲述别人的原话并把它放在引号里）；另一种是间接引语（用自己的话来转述别人的话，并且不能用引号）。直接引语和间接引语之间可以互相转换。本文总结了直接引语变间接引语的变化法则。
      1、人称代词的变化
      直接引语变为间接引语时，人称代词要根据转述人的立场作相应变动。人称代词的变动情况要根据语境及转述人的不同作相应变化，一般情况下，与汉语中的变化相同。可记住一个口诀：“一主、二宾、三不变”。即第一人称按照主句中的主语变化，第二人称按照主句中的宾语变化，第三人称一般不需要变化。
例如：1) he said, “i am glad to see you.” → he said that he was glad to see me.
2) “do you know the man over there?” mary said to tom. → mary asked tom if he knew the man over there.
3) jim said to me, “jane left her schoolbag at home.” → jim told me that jane had left her schoolbag at home.
      2、动词时态的变化
      1）当引述的动词为现在时形式时，间接引语中的动词时态不变。
例如：tom says, “our teacher is kind to us.”  → tom says that their teacher is kind to them.
      2）当引述的动词为过去时形式时，间接引语中的动词作如下变更：
      一般现在时→一般过去时 过去进行时→不变
      一般过去时→过去完成时 将来进行时→过去将来进行时
      一般将来时→过去将来时 现在完成时→过去完成时
      现在进行时→过去进行时 过去完成时→不变
      如果所转述的内容表示客观真理或有表示某一绝对具体的过去时间作状语，间接引语中动词的时态不变。
例如：the teacher said, “the earth is round.” → the teacher said that the earth is round.
he said, “i was born in 1980.” → he said that he was born in 1980.
      3、常用词汇的变化
      直接引语变为间接引语时，指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和表示“方向”动词的变化。如“this → that, these → those; now → then, today → that day, tomorrow → the next (following) day, next week → the next week, yesterday → the day before, last night → the night before, ago → before; here → there; come → go.
      注意：如果在当地转述， here不必改为there, 动词come不必改为 go； 如果在当天转述，yesterday，tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。
例如：kate said, “i will come here tomorrow to help these children with their english.” → kate said that she would go there the next day to help those children with their english.（不是在当天当地转述）→kate said that she will come here tomorrow to help these children with their english.（在当天当地转述）
      4、时态变化
      1）当直接引语是陈述句时
      直接引语是陈述句时，间接引语用that引导，但在口语中that可以省去。从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语和地点状语等要作相应的变化。
例如：she said to me, “i came back an hour ago.” → she said to/told me that she had come back an hour before.
      2）当直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句时
      a 原句若为一般疑问句时，用whether或if 转述；原句若为选择疑问句时，用whether…or…/…or not；原句若为反意疑问句，则常用whether或if 转述。疑问句语序变为陈述句语序。主句中的谓语动词为said时，要改为asked；没有间接宾语时，可以加一个间接宾语（如me，him等）。句末用句号。
      b 当直接引语是特殊疑问句。如果直接引语是特殊疑问句，改为间接引语时，仍用原句中的wh-类的词引导，其余的变化同直接引语为一般疑问句的情况2—5条一样。
例如：“what is your name?” he asked me. → he asked me what my name was.
如果在直接引语的特殊疑问句中，疑问词作主语或主语的修饰语，则语序不需要变化。
例如：“whose picture is the most beautiful in your class?” asked the boy’s father. →the boy’s father asked him whose picture was the most beautiful in his class.
     3）当直接引语是祈使句时
     直接引语为祈使句，变为间接引语可用如下的结构“主语+asked/advised sb. (not) to do sth.”。
     需将原祈使句中谓语动词变成不定式。如果祈使句为否定句，则用不定式的否定形式，即在不定式前加not。原主句谓语动词said须改为asked，told，ordered，warned或advised等含有祈使意义的能带宾补的及物动词。原句有“please”时，主句谓语多用asked（请求），并去掉please。
例如：he said to me, “shut the window, please.” →he asked me to shut the window.
      4）直接引语是感叹句时
      直接引语是感叹句变间接引语时仍可用what或how引导，词序不变，也可用that 引导，将句子变成相应的名词性从句。
例如：she said, “what a lovely day it is!” →she said what a lovely day it was.